白宫风云 第一季

磕磕绊绊，终于快看完了tww，机智而有趣又带点2b矫情的一群人。理想主义的传说。简单来说。
1. 工作态度与节奏。
基本上，分分钟都在忙碌，walk and talk，talk and walk。举例来说，发言人cj同学，早上5：00——5：30属于自己的时间，跑步健身，一般7：00已经在白宫开忙了。大概10：00就几乎就可以确认，5：30正常下班是8可能了。周末的放松，就系加班看资料，偶尔能喝杯啤酒看场棒球赛，哇，幸福的鼻血横流。
插叙一段，why cj？
Leo受了刺激，心脏病发。幕僚长空缺，josh和toby都跃跃欲试，结果——出人意料，cj上位。Why？
从暗示来看，总统是接受了leo的建议，任命cj接任。Leo看上了cj哪点呢？
比较josh，toby，和cj三个人的工作能力。Josh应该是最先出局的。总统曾经对其直言过：“我想做好工作，是因为我想做好事，做能者，使世界变的更好。你想做好工作，是因为你不想令leo失望。”所以说他尽管业务能力出色，但心态是一个打工者，没太多总领全局的意识。总统的其他幕僚，leo，cj，toby，离开的sam，替补的will，都“顶撞过”总统，用自己的专业去扭转总统的莽撞决定。但印象中，josh从没有过。他只是简单的按照既定规定目标去做，去冲锋陷阵，及时遍体鳞伤也在所不惜。总不烦好点子提出的idea，比如最高法院的任命，丫竟然能想出双猫策略，太牛逼取巧了哈哈。领导采纳了丫就去拼，不采纳，那就不采纳吧。
第二个出局的是toby。Toby其实很可爱，固执，直言敢建，头脑清晰，意志力强大。记得有一次他盯着总统，毫不客气的指出总统先父不正常，心态失衡，嫉妒儿子聪明，永远打他严格要求他，没有一点点鼓励和关爱。就差指着总统鼻子说 你爸就一神经病了！把总统刺激的，连续n多睡不着，只好请心理医生医治。Leo昏迷时，也是他意识到问题的严重，特意请领导任命临时幕僚长（不论是谁，他的目的是缓解混乱局面，而非野心家一心要上位），总领全局。那么，我们来看看，如果他做幕僚长会如何呢？他会把每一项工作都安排的井井有条，每一个议案，每一次紧急事件，对下属也能恩威并施，对总统能尽心督促。结果有一天，恐怖份子炸了曼哈顿，toby坚持我们要赢，要怎样，blahblah在地下室和将军们唇枪舌剑，闹得不可开胶。要不然就是和其他部门打交道时太过强势，把所有人都噎的喘不上气。哈哈，toby的失败也是必然的，他太主动，太强势，太有先见之明。像他ex老婆说的，他也太悲观，太消极，让人压力巨大。他是个领导型的人，他甚至比总统还牛逼，总统当然不用他了。不过我觉得，如果他真的能当选上总统，他会做的很好。
那么就非cj莫属了。她不是最优秀，反而比较中庸。可作为发言人，外交辞令游刃有余，和其他部门打交道，当然更不在话下了~还能适当的提醒一下总统，该休息啦 该睡觉啦，该咋样咋样了。多好~~

2. 工作态度
Cj还有几点特别让人感动：
其实说起来很简单，她总是提前准备。她准备每一个事件。事件刚出一点苗头，她就搜集所有相关的资料，预估所有可能性的后果，就每种情况，都有种准备。唉，太牛了~~细节π啊

3. 理想主义的传说
这里面的人物，我喜欢josh，cj，toby，leo，（排名分先后），不喜欢总统，其他人一般般。为啥讨厌总统？说不上来~也许是心理学上说的，他太聪明博学完美了。事实上，他的决策似乎总是对的，他的知识面之广博令人望洋兴叹，他的心胸之宽广，果真是宰相肚里能撑船，他的人品，令人无丝毫怀疑。Omg，这不就是一北京原人吗？于是，很少有人喜欢他吧，哈哈。感觉就如金老爷子把夏雪宜化为倚天里的金毛狮王和杨逍。编剧同学把克林顿化为了总统和副总统两个人来写啦，总统负责正面，副总统负责荒淫。哈哈，编剧呀，其心可诛！

4. 体制。
这个问题，说过了 会被人说是崇洋媚外。
那就这么来一句吧
美国滴总统，傻×都能当。只要有体力。纯累傻小子一差事。 因为总统要负责行政事务，推动立法，设置司法方面还有赦免权神马的。无所不包，所以，把总统戏称为慰疗总长，战士阵亡，人员损失都要亲自电话家属。家属要是不喜欢他就直接据听电话，唉，这可怜劲儿的。。。
它的宪法太牛x了，导致形成的一系列国家流程也太完备了，责权之分明 令人汗颜。不但责权分别，连怎么做都有具体的先例可依。不但有先例，连每一个先例会导致什么样的结果都非常明确。民众支持率上升下降多少个点多能估算出来。真的不愁不知怎么当总统啊！体制牛x，流程牛x，预警牛x。嗷嗷~~

额 话唠完了~

第一季第二集，观剧笔记。

我是对这剧本，一点一点整理出来的。参考资料主要是两本词典：柯林斯英英，21世纪英汉大词典。

看得人多的话，再持续更新。目前我自己整理到第10集。

这部剧反复看都看不厌。彩蛋太多了~

THE WEST WING
'POST HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC'

ACT ONE

【nominating convention】
Generally, usage of “presidential nominating convention” refers to the two major parties’ quadrennial events: the Democratic and the Republican National Convention. Some minor parties also select their nominees by convention.

【coming out party】成人晚会

【Nessun Dorma】
《今夜无人入睡》（意大利文：Nessun dorma）是普契尼最后一部歌剧《图兰多》的咏叹调，由男角卡拉夫王子（Calaf）演唱，诉说图兰多公主要全城彻夜不睡，在天亮前替她寻找王子的名字，若无法如期查出，则全城百姓都必须受死。歌曲的原意为“不让人入睡”，中译为“今夜无人入睡”或“公主徹夜未眠”。这首古典歌剧作品是著名男高音帕华洛帝（Luciano Pavarotti）的经典金曲，1990年被英国广播公司（BBC）用作当年意大利世界杯足球赛的主题曲后，令它的知名度更广为人知。

【option】N-COUNT In business, an option is an agreement or contract that gives someone the right to buy or sell something such as property or shares at a future date. 购买权; 出售权; 期权 [BUSINESS]

【challenge】N-VAR A challenge is something new and difficult which requires great effort and determination. 挑战

【caucus】N-COUNT A caucus is a group of people within an organization who share similar aims and interests or who have a lot of influence. (机构中的) 核心组织【美国政治】 (政党在决策、酝酿候选人时召开的)领导层秘密会议 [FORMAL]

【take on】PHRASAL VERB If you take someone on, you fight them or compete against them, especially when they are bigger or more powerful than you are. 与 (尤指强于自己的人) 较量 [no passive] 例: Democrats were reluctant to take on a president whose popularity ratings were historically high.民主党不愿意与一个支持率创历史新高的总统较量。

【spunk】[口语]气概，胆量，勇气；精神，生气，活力。Spunk up鼓起勇气

【dinged up】磕磕碰碰，不顺

【suspension】N-VAR A vehicle's suspension consists of the springs and other devices attached to the wheels, which give a smooth ride over uneven ground. (车辆减震的) 悬架。例: ...the only small car with independent front suspension. 惟一的一辆带有独立前悬架的小汽车。

【gloat】V-I If someone is gloating, they are showing pleasure at their own success or at other people's failure in an arrogant and unpleasant way. (对自己的成功) 洋洋得意; (对别人的失败) 幸灾乐祸

【photo op】A photo op (sometimes written as photo opp), short for photograph opportunity (photo opportunity), is an opportunity to take a memorable and effective photograph of a politician, a celebrity, or a notable event.[1] Among amateur photographers, the term is used to refer to any opportunity to take good photos.

【in the residence】PHRASE If someone is in residence in a particular place, they are living there. 住在 (某处)

【Regis and Kathie Lee】
a syndicated American television morning talk show

【Atta boy】Informal Used to show encouragement or approval to a boy or man: Attaboy! That's the way to hit a home run!

【slay】V-T If someone slays an animal, they kill it in a violent way. 屠杀 [FORMAL]

【Ryder Cup team】
The Ryder Cup is a biennial golf competition between teams from Europe and the United States. The competition is jointly administered by the PGA of America and the PGA European Tour, and is contested every two years, the venue alternating between courses in the United States and Europe. The Ryder Cup is also the name of the trophy, after the person who donated it, Samuel Ryder. The Ryder Cup, and its counterpart the Presidents Cup, are unique in the world of golf, and possibly professional sports, since despite being high-profile events that bring in tens of millions of dollars in TV and sponsorship revenue the players receive no prize money and compete purely for the victory.

【Texas and big hats】represent the state's history of cowboys and frontier.

【whomp】vt. 重击；彻底击败

【weirded out】纳闷，诡异

【knockout】N-SING If you describe someone as a knockout, you think that they are extremely attractive or impressive. 引人注目的人 [INFORMAL] [approval]

【Tow】V-TIf one vehicle tows another, it pulls it along behind it. - They threatened to tow away my car. 他们威胁说要拖走我的车

【straighten out】PHRASAL VERB If you straighten out a confused situation, you succeed in getting it organized and cleaned up. 理清

【spin】N-SING If someone puts a certain spin on an event or situation, they interpret it and try to present it in a particular way. (特意做的) 诠释与宣传 [INFORMAL] 例: He interpreted the vote as support for the constitution and that is the spin his supporters are putting on the results today. 他把这次投票结果解释为对宪法的支持，这也是他的支持者们对今天的结果所做的诠释与宣传。

【condo】condo ['kɔndəu] n. [复数]-dos，-does [美国口语] 简陋公寓套间(常作度假用)；公寓租房；分套购置的公寓房(如个人居住的公寓套间) [condominium 的缩略形式]

【enter】V-T If you enter someone for a race or competition, you officially state that they will compete or take part in it. 使报名参加竞赛

【pool】(赌博者所下的)全部赌注；(某一项目上的)赌注总额；(赛马等)共同赌金

【the line】[美国、加拿大英语] [the line]体育(足球等非赛跑竞赛项目)比赛赌率 [参较 Las Vegas line]

【The latest in a string】接连发生事件中的最近一个。

【double-team sb】双人夹击sb

【gang up on】合伙反对…

【fly in the teeth with it】to challenge someone or something; to go against someone or something.

【You're at your best with a pie in the face.】
Pieing is the act of throwing a pie at a person or persons. This can be a political action when the target is an authority figure, politician, or celebrity and can be used as a means of protesting against the target's political beliefs, or against perceived arrogance or vanity. Perpetrators generally regard the act as a form of ridicule to embarrass and humiliate the victim. In some U.S. states pieing may conform to definitions of the crime of battery, but not assault. (Battery is the crime of hitting or beating someone.)

【Strained】
ADJIf relations between people are strained, those people do not like or trust each other. (关系) 紧张的

【diss】vt., vi. [俚语](对…)无礼，侮辱，奚落；(言语或行为上对…)不尊敬；轻蔑地拒绝(或打发)

ACT TWO

【hit it off】 投缘 ;相处融洽

【perimeter】N-COUNT The perimeter of an area of land is the whole of its outer edge or boundary. 周边; 周界

【cubed】疑难问题,难题

【Fahrenheit ['færəhait]】华氏温标（符号为℉）规定：在标准大气压下，冰的熔点为32℉，水的沸点为212℉，中间有180等分，每等分为华氏1度。

【touch down】(飞机等)降落；着陆： The plane touched down at 17:45 at Heathrow Airport.

【hypnosis】Hypnosis is the art or practice of hypnotizing people. 催眠术

【booze】N-UNCOUNTBooze is alcoholic drink. 酒[INFORMAL] [also 'the' N]

【Joint chief】参谋长联席会议

【stare down】使紧张不安；使动摇，使屈服：

【infantry】N-UNCOUNT-COLLInfantry are soldiers who fight on foot rather than in tanks or on horses. 步兵

【premed】医科大学预科的

【coup】[ku:]N-COUNTWhen there is a coup, a group of people seize power in a country. 政变

【fester】V-IIf you say that a situation, problem, or feeling is festering, you disapprove of the fact that it is being allowed to grow more unpleasant or full of anger, because it is not being properly recognized or dealt with. 恶化

【You have a once in a generation mind】

ACT THREE
【knowing】ADJA knowing gesture or remark is one that shows that you understand something, for example the way that someone is feeling or what they really mean, even though it has not been mentioned directly. 会意的
【tweak】[俚语]【计算机】对…稍作调整，对程序微调

【trip over】被(某物)绊了一下 The boy tripped over a stone.那个男孩被一块石头绊了一下。

【Grand Jury】N-COUNT A grand jury is a jury, usually in the United States, which considers a criminal case in order to decide if someone should be tried in a court of law. 大陪审团

【given the benefit of the doubt.】假定其无过失或无罪（因无充分证据证明某人有罪）

【D.N.C.】 = Democratic National Committee

【mug】to be mugged 被袭击

【wrap up】PHRASAL VERB If you wrap up something such as a job or an agreement, you complete it in a satisfactory way. 圆满完成 (工作); 达成 (协议) 例: NATO defense ministers wrap up their meeting in Brussels today. 北约国防部长们今天在布鲁塞尔圆满结束了他们的会议。

【on board】支持某人的；赞同某人的政策、路线的；合作的

【truncated】删节的，断章取义的

【fix】V-T If you fix some food or a drink for someone, you make it or prepare it for them. 准备 (食物、饮料等) 例: Sarah fixed some food for us.
萨拉为我们准备了一些食物。

【cattle rustler ['rʌslə]】[美国口语]偷牛贼

【Nobel Laureate['lɔ:riət] in Economics,】诺贝尔奖的得主称之为 桂冠 （ Laureate ），这自然是因袭英国的 桂冠 诗人制度而来。

【blow off】PHRASAL VERB If you blow something off, you ignore it or choose not to deal with it. 不理会 [AM] [INFORMAL] 例: I don't think we can afford just to blow this off. 我想我们担负不起对此置之不理。

【hit a bump】N-COUNT Bump is also a noun. 碰撞。例: Small children often cry after a minor bump. 小孩子们在轻微的碰撞后常常会哭。

【I've been shoved into a broom...】 [美国俚语]卖力大干

【stick around】PHRASAL VERB If you stick around, you stay where you are, often because you are waiting for something. (为等候) 呆在原地不动 [INFORMAL] 例: Stick around a while and see what develops. 稍呆一会儿，看看会发生什么。

【whipping boy】替罪羔羊

【full-throated】full-throated support/defense全力支持/辩护

ACT FOUR

【barging in】PHRASAL VERB If you barge in or barge in on someone, you rudely interrupt what they are doing or saying. 插一杠子 [INFORMAL]
例: I'm sorry to barge in like this, but I have a problem I hope you can solve. 抱歉这样插进来，不过我有个问题希望你能解决。

【back away from】
The trainer backed away from the enraged tiger.

【brandish】V-T If you brandish something, especially a weapon, you hold it in a threatening way. 挥舞 (尤指武器) 例: He appeared in the lounge brandishing a knife. 他出现在休息室,挥舞着一把刀。

【a decent paper route】

【knock out】PHRASAL VERB If a person or team is knocked out of a competition, they are defeated in a game, so that they take no more part in the competition. 淘汰

【tort】n. 【法律】(民事)侵犯行为

【admit you with a solicitation bust】
V-T/V-I If you admit that something bad, unpleasant, or embarrassing is true, you agree, often unwillingly, that it is true. 承认 (不好、不快或尴尬的事实)

【solicitation 教唆,拉客】

【busted】V-T If someone is busted, the police arrest them. 逮捕 [INFORMAL] [usu passive]
例: They were busted for possession of cannabis.
他们因持有大麻而被逮捕。

【stay on their feet】= keep balance

【patter】N-SING Someone's patter is a series of things that they say quickly and easily, usually in order to entertain people or to persuade them to buy or do something. 顺口溜

【capital gains tax】 [税收] 资本利得税

【mike】N-COUNT A mike is the same as a microphone. 麦克风 [INFORMAL]

【fundamentalist】N-UNCOUNT Fundamentalism is the belief in the original form of a religion or theory, without accepting any later ideas. 原教旨主义 - 例: Religious fundamentalism was spreading in the region. 宗教的原教旨主义正在这一地区蔓延。

【debunk】批判，驳斥，指出…的错误，证明…是虚假的 - to debunk the claims of an advertiser 驳斥一名广告商的谎言

【Tel Aviv】n. 特拉维夫市（以色列港市）

【Fundamentalist】原教旨主义者（请WIKI）

【Syria & Jordan】叙利亚 & 约旦（请WIKI）

考据癖如我，边看片子边看剧本边google或wiki整出来的东西，本来只是for my information而已，很不系统，九牛一毛，主要是第二,三季中提到的一些话题或语句。

12. Non-binding Resolution

　　A non-binding resolution is a written motion adopted by a deliberative body that cannot progress into a law. The substance of the resolution can be anything that can normally be proposed as a motion.
　　
　　This type of resolution is often used to express the body's approval or disapproval of something which they cannot otherwise vote on,[1] due to the matter being handled by another jurisdiction, or being protected by a constitution. An example would be a resolution of support for a nation's troops in battle, which carries no legal weight, but is adopted for moral support.
　　
　　 Use
　　Non-binding resolutions are usually specific simple or concurrent resolutions that are not passed on to the president to be signed in to law.[2] These resolutions differ from pure concurrent resolutions (that are used for various procedural requests such as adjourning sessions) in that they are designed to formally express and document opinions, not initiate a process.
　　
　　These resolutions offer a means for elected officials to publicly air the concerns of their constituents[3] and are closely followed by major media outlets. Additionally, these resolutions can be used to state the position of congress, showing a preview of how they will vote on future legislation and budget allocations.

11.KeyWord: Ways and Means Committee

In the English Parliament (later the British Parliament and UK Parliament) between 1641 and 1967, proposals for raising taxation originated in the Committee of Ways and Means, where they were initiated by a Government minister. The committee was copied by the legislature of the United States where it currently exists as the powerful U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means.

With effect from 1967 that Committee was abolished. The Chairman of Ways and Means presided over that Committee; and though Speakers have sometimes presided at Budgets since abolition of the Committee (as, for example, in 1968 and 1989), the Chairman does still generally occupy the chair during the speech.

The Chairman of Ways and Means is the title given to the Deputy Speaker who is appointed on a motion tabled at the beginning of each Parliament by the Leader of the House. The Chairman of Ways and Means has two deputies: the 1st and 2nd Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means. Thus there are three deputy Speakers who may take the Chair in the place of the Speaker.

In the British Parliament, the Speaker and his deputies are considered independent and as such they do not normally vote, except for casting votes, and they are not included in the figures of party strengths within the House of Commons.

The term "Ways and Means" refers to the provision of revenue to meet national expenditure and to forward the objectives of economic policy. Ways and Means are principally provided by the imposition of taxation - the Budget resolutions are Ways and Means resolutions, upon which the Finance Bill is based - but also by the raising of loans and provision made as occasion arises for the payment of sums into the Consolidated Fund or the National Loans Fund.


10.KeyWord：Giselle

在《West Wing3》中，Sam告诉Josh黄石国家公园发生大火。Josh一本正经地问他要去灭火吗，Sam则一本正经地回答说自己不是专业消防员，然后随口说自己小时候倒是想当消防员。这时Josh也顺嘴说他小时候想当芭蕾舞演员。过后Josh意识到说漏嘴了，于是警告Sam不要把芭蕾舞演员的事说出去。过了几幕，CJ要找Tony单独说话，但Josh正好在旁边。于是CJ低声对Josh说：Giselle~，果然很见效，Josh立刻就走了。

Giselle是一个著名的浪漫主义时期的芭蕾剧的名字，也是剧中女主角的名字。剧情是由Slavs神话改编而来的，它的内容梗概为：
In the first act, a young, innocent village maiden named Giselle is in love with a man she knows only as Loys. In reality, the man is Albrecht, a nobleman disguised as a peasant, and who is betrothed to Bathilde, daughter of the Duke. When Giselle discovers the deceit, she is inconsolable and goes mad, then dies of a broken heart. In the second act, her undying love for Albrecht saves him from the wicked magic of the wilis, vampiric ghosts of betrothed girls who have died before their wedding day. Though their leader, Myrtha, Queen of the Wilis, forces Albrecht to dance again and again, Giselle intervenes long enough to spare his strength and allow him to survive until the dawn. At sunrise, wilis must return to their grave; Giselle must return as well but not before showing Albrecht that she forgives him for his treachery. The two pledge their love to each other and she descends back into her grave, but will forever be separated. Giselle is now a wili for the rest of eternity.

Slavs神话是3000年前由东欧起源的神话传说，在这个神话里，上帝让魔鬼用大海海底的沙子建成陆地。而作为一个宗教，Slavs是一个二重体系。它有两个神：黑上帝管诅咒，白上帝管仁慈；另外雷火神也占重要地位。

关于Slavs里的精灵，这里着重介绍一下：

歌声甜美的Wila
In Polish mythology, the Wila (VEE-lah) are believed to be female fairy-like spirits who live in the wilderness and sometimes clouds. They were believed to be the spirits of women who had been frivolous in their lifetimes and now floated between here and the afterlife. They sometimes appear as the swans, snakes, horses, falcons, or wolves that they can shapeshift into but usually appear as beautiful maidens, naked or dressed in white with long flowing hair.

It is said that if even one of these hairs is plucked, the Wila will die, or be forced to change back to her true shape. A human may gain the control of a Wila by stealing feathers from her wings. Once she gets them back, however, she will disappear. (Compare Swan maiden.)

The voices of the Wila are as beautiful as the rest of them, and one who hears them loses all thoughts of food, drink or sleep, sometimes for days. Despite their feminine charms, however, the Wila are fierce warriors. The earth is said to shake when they do battle. They have healing and prophetic powers and are sometimes willing to help human beings. At other times they lure young men to dance with them, which according to their mood can be a very good or very bad thing for the lad. They ride on horses or deer when they hunt with their bows and arrows and will kill any man who defies them or breaks his word. Fairy rings of deep thick grass are left where they have danced which should never be trod upon (bad luck).

Offerings for Wila consist of round cakes, ribbons, fresh fruits and vegetables or flowers left at sacred trees and wells and at fairy caves.

捉弄旅行者的Vila
The Vila, or Willi or Veela, are the Slavic versions of nymphs, who have power over storms, which they delight in sending down on lonely travelers. They are known to live in meadows, ponds, oceans, trees, and clouds (cf. Leimakids, Limnades, Oceanids, Dryads, Nephele). They can appear as swans, horses, wolves, or, of course, beautiful women.

The Vilia is the Celtic version of this woodland spirit. She enjoys captivating passing men with her beauty, but then abandoning them. In a love song titled Vilia, from "The Merry Widow" by Lehar and Ross, a hunter pines for Vilia, "the witch of the wood".

女吸血鬼Wili
Among the Slavic creatures of folklore, for the English-speaking world the wilis are indelibly connected with the Romantic ballet Giselle, first danced in Paris in 1840, with its spectral wilis, young girls who have died on their wedding days, who almost snatch away the hero's life-breath, but must disappear at the break of dawn.

These wilis have been adapted from a poem of Heinrich Heine, who claimed to be using a Slavic legend. Meyer's Konversationslexikon defines Wiles or Wilis as female vampires, the spirits of betrothed girls who die before their wedding night. According to Heine, wilis are unable to rest in their graves because they could not satisfy their passion for dancing when they were alive. They therefore gather on the highway at midnight to lure young men and dance them to their death. In Serbia they were maidens cursed by God; in Bulgaria they were known as samovily, girls who died before they were baptized; and in Poland they are beautiful young girls floating in the air atoning for frivolous past lives.

湖中魂魄Rusałka
In Slavic mythology, a Rusałka was a female ghost, water nymph, succubus or mermaid-like demon that dwelled in a lake. She was considered a being of the unclean force or нечистая сила (nechistaya sila). The ghostly version is the soul of a young woman who had died in or near a lake (many of these rusalki had been murdered by lovers) and came to haunt that lake; this undead Rusałka is not invariably malevolent, and will be allowed to die in peace if her death is avenged. In most versions, the Rusałka is an unquiet dead being. According to Zelenin, people who die violently and before their time, such as young women who commit suicide because they have been jilted by their lovers, or unmarried women who are pregnant out of wedlock, must live out their designated time on earth (срок, srok) as a spirit. Another theory is that rusalki are the female spirits of the unclean dead; this includes suicides, unbaptized babies, and those who die without last rites. (Under this theory male unclean dead were said to become vodianoi).

深水精灵Vodianoi
The vodianoi is a male water spirit of Slavic origin. He is viewed to be particularly malevolent, existing almost exclusively to drown swimmers who have angered him by their boldness. Reports of his appearance vary; some tales define him as a naked old man, bloated and hairy, covered in slime, covered in scales, or simply as an old peasant with a red shirt and beard. He is also reported to have the ability to transform into a fish.

The vodianoi lives in deep pools, often by a mill, and is said to be the spirit of unclean male dead (this definition includes those who have committed suicide, unbaptized children, and those who die without last rites). As previously stated, the vodianoi would drown those who angered him with boasts or insults. However, this was no certain protection, as the spirit was particularly capricious. Peasants feared the vodianoi and would often attempt to get rid of the spirit or, failing that, appease him.

The only people who were generally safe from the vodianoi's anger were millers and fishermen. Millers in particular were viewed to be so close to the vodianoi that they often became seen as sorcerous figures. This may be influenced by the belief that millers yearly drown a drunk passerby as an offering to the vodianoi. Fishermen were somewhat less suspect, offering only the first of their catch with an incantation. If a vodianoi favored a fisherman he would herd fish into the nets. [1]

The Czech and Slovak equivalent is called a vodník. A similar figure appears in German mythology as a Wasserman or nix.

风雪女神Sky Women
In Polish mythology, sky women were the warm-weather incarnations of the rusalki. Slavic women would go out in the first snowfall and build snow women to honor them, as snow is believed to be brought by the sky women. One belief has it that the thunder and lightning of springtime are brought on by Sky Women mating with the thunder gods; hence spring festivals included a celebration of the return of the rusalki from the waters with the placing of wreaths on the waters, and with circle dances and fire festivals.


9. KEYWORD: line-item veto

In government, the line-item veto is the power of an executive to nullify or "cancel" specific provisions of a bill, usually budget appropriations, without vetoing the entire legislative package. The line-item vetoes are usually subject to the possibility of legislative override as are traditional vetoes.


8. KEYWORD: ERA

ERA是Equal Rights Amendment 的缩写。具体来说，它主张的是：Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex。所以它相当于是一个妇女平等权利和义务修正案，而它也是一个备受争议，至今仍未批准通过的宪法修正案。不要从字面上以为广大美国劳动妇女都积极拥护支持它，因为它不光使得男女权利平等，也使得男女义务平等。一方面它能够促进女性在许多社会领域获得更平等的机会；另一方面它无视男女天生的差异，尤其在劳工、军役等对女性有特别保护的领域里，它大大削弱了女性的权益。


7. KEYWORD：Mary Jane

大麻的俗称。


6. KEYWORD: ALMA MATER

指母校。Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother". It was used in ancient Rome as a title for the mother goddess, and in Medieval Christianity for the Virgin Mary.
This term is taken from the motto ("Alma Mater Studiorum") of the oldest European university, the University of Bologna, in Italy, founded in A.D. 1088, and located in the city of Bologna.
In many modern languages it is usually and principally heard as a term of academia; thus, in the English language, it is used as a sobriquet for the university or college a person has attended. In American English, it is also heard in reference to a high school or elementary school.


5. KEYWORD: Bob Marley ，Wailers

Bob marley is a reggae singer, songwriter, guitarist. Wailers is a musical group founded by Bob Marley. 他和他的组合信仰一种宗教叫astafarianism. 这种宗教遵循一种严格的规定：他们拒绝酒精和毒品，但是崇拜大麻，他们认为大麻是一种圣草能够给人以启迪。这就是为什么Josh和刚刚对外流露支持大麻合法化意向的卫生部长的对话：

JOSH
Did you know that 69% of Americans oppose legalization? Only 23% support it.

DR. GRIFFITH
The number gets a lot higher than that if you ask people under 30.

JOSH
Well, that's a shock. Did you know that the number gets even higher than that if youlimit the polling sample to Bob Marley ad the Whalers?


4. KEYWORD: FILIBUSTER

以前对这个词的理解仅仅是单词书上那个莫名奇妙的解释“阻碍议案通过”。这才知道原来它是这么的搞笑。

filibuster是最大化地利用了“议员在议会上发言，想说多久就可以说多久”这个规矩，片中的老议员为了抗议政府没有给自闭症儿童拨款，站在讲台上夜以继日不眠不休不上厕所地发言（读菜谱，狄更斯，打牌规则等等...），这样拖延时间，使议会无法进行下面的议程。本来看片时有点儿怀疑此招的真实性，后来查了一下才发现真实生活中还有更有光泽、更持久的议员。最长的个人演讲历史纪录创造于1957年，一位议员为反对民权法在讲台上说了足足24小时18分钟。当然还有更有组织有纪律的filibuster，那就是一帮子议员联合起来拖时间：你方唱罢我登场。众人拾柴火焰高，这个法子显然更有效。下面是wiki上列举的许多filibuster的案例：

In 1789, the first U.S. Senate adopted rules allowing the Senate "to move the previous question," ending debate and proceeding to a vote. In 1806, Aaron Burr argued that the motion regarding the previous question was redundant, had only been exercised once in the preceding four years [4], and should be eliminated. The Senate agreed, and thus the potentiality for a filibuster sprang into being. Because the Senate created no alternative mechanism for terminating debate, the filibuster became an option for delay and blocking of floor votes.
The filibuster remained a solely theoretical option until 1841, when the Democratic minority tried to block a bank bill favored by the Whig majority by using this political tactic. Senator Henry Clay, a promoter of the bill, threatened to change Senate rules to allow the majority to close debate. Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton rebuked Clay for trying to stifle the Senate's right to unlimited debate and he was unsuccessful in eliminating the filibuster with a simple majority vote.
In 1917 a rule allowing for the cloture of debate (ending a filibuster) was adopted by the Democratic Senate[5] at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson.[6] From 1917 to 1949, the requirement for cloture was two-thirds of those voting.


3. KEYWORD: LSD

应该是迷幻药的意思。Lsd is the abbreviation for lysergic acid diethylamide, a synthetic hallucinogenic drug discovered by Albert Hofmann in 1938. By disrupting the action of serotonin in the brain, LSD produces markedly abnormal behavior, including psychotic episodes that can last anywhere from hours to several days. The drug is usually administered through the tongue, although it can be absorbed through any of the mucous membranes.


2. KeyWord: Algonquin Round Table

The Algonquin Round Table was a group of New York City writers, critics, actors and wits that met from 1919 until about 1929, though its legacy endured long afterward.
They met for lunch every day at a round table at the Algonquin Hotel and traded quips; many of these sayings are still repeated today. The group began meeting in June 1919 when several of its members returned from World War I where they met on the Army newspaper Stars and Stripes.


1. KeyWord：Puerto Rico，statehood，commonwealth:

波多黎各原为印第安人居住地。1493年C.哥伦布航行至此。1509年沦为西班牙殖民地。1869年波多黎各人民起义，宣布成立共和国，遭西班牙殖民军镇压。1897年实现内部自治。1898年美西战争后成为美国殖民地。1917年美国把“美国公民籍”加于波多黎各人民。1950年人民武装起义，宣布成立波多黎各共和国。1952年美国给予波多黎各自由联邦的地位，实行自治，但外交、国防、关税等重要部门由美国控制。1977年美国总统G.R.福特向国会提交了《1977年波多黎各立州法》，主张把波多黎各变成美国的第51州。1982年11月R.W.里根总统发表声明，支持波多黎各成为美国的一个州。1993年11月，波多黎各再次就与美国的关系举行全民公决，结果多数人仍主张维持美国的自由联邦地位。1992年佩得罗·罗塞洛当选为总督。根据1952年由美国制定的宪法，总督为最高行政长官，由选举产生，任期4年，下设部长会议。美国国会有权废除波多黎各议会通过的法律。议会分参、众两院。该岛选举出地方专员常驻美国国会，但只能在众院委员会参加表决。主要政党有：①人民民主党，执政党。成立于1938年。主张维持波多黎各“自由联邦”地位，要求在美国主权下成立地方自治政府。②新进步党，1967年成立。主张波多黎各成为美国的一个州。③波多黎各独立党，1946年成立。主张波多黎各独立，建立社会主义民主共和国。

《白宫群英》堪称美国历史上最成功的政治题材电视连续剧。在其播出的1999年至2006年之间，《白宫风云》共斩获得两项金球奖，26项艾美奖，其中包括连续四年的最佳电视连续剧奖（2000年至2003年）。
通常而言，作为流行文化重要组成部分的美剧往往专注于爱情、犯罪、科幻等大众追捧的情节，这一次，坐在白宫西厢的“总统”和他的“幕僚们”从大家眼中无趣、复杂的政治叙事中走了出来。那么，这部政治题材的电视剧为什么能取得如此大的成绩？
加州大学政治学教授比弗斯(Staci Beavers)在一篇名为《作为教学工具的<白宫风云>》（The West Wing as a Pedagogical Tool）的文章中说，对于那些连总统大选时都懒得投票的观众们来说，为什么会让总统政治题材的电视剧占据自己的娱乐时间呢？通常而言，纵使制作精良，在当代政治犬儒主义的大环境下，政治题材剧也往往中难以获得公众认同。但《白宫风云》却在提供极具感染力的政治对话同时，获得了极大的好评。
《白宫风云》的成功可以归功于许多原因。独特的题材，庞大的投资，对现实事件的影射，这些都能让该剧吸引不少人的眼球。以白宫西厢为剧情中心，《白宫风云》描绘了美国总统与其幕僚的工作和生活，尽管在背景设置上与真正的白宫西厢并未百分百吻合，一些细节有所出入，但就连白宫职员也承认，该剧“捕捉到了白宫西厢的那种感觉”；此外，剧集的每集预算高达六百万美元，堪比一部小型电影，资金的充足也为电视剧质量提供了物质保证；而与现实问题的呼应，也为观众、尤其是政治爱好者提供了探讨政治、经济、文化等多方面议题的平台。
实际上上，不少评论家认为，除了上述因素之外，《白宫风云》的主要看点在于其拍摄技巧和台词设计。制作人员发展出了一套被称之为“边走边谈”的拍摄模式，在这个模式下，角色一边在白宫房间和走廊中穿梭，一边以较高的速度进行谈话，同时经常有新的角色加入进来；这种模式既契合了白宫西厢的房屋构造，也使得紧凑的剧情在摄影技巧中得以体现；最重要的是，所有的这些对话都是建立在编剧的巧妙编写之上。有评论家甚至直接指出，整个剧情发展的主要源动力来自编剧艾伦•索金（Aaron Sorkin）。索金最擅长将大量信息填满人物的对话，短时间内高频率且智慧甚至狡黠的谈话让人印象深刻。这一点在今年奥斯卡的提名影片《社交网络》中可见一斑。
在第一季中，总统巴特勒刚刚上任，在提交议案、两党关系、任命法官、处理内政和外交事物等方面大展拳脚。作为整个电视剧的开篇，第一季尽可能多地呈现美国总统政治生态下的各种现象，试图为日后的续集做好铺垫。
这本笔记只涵盖了第一季共22集的观剧笔记。共七季的《白宫风云》堪称一部构思巧妙、逻辑缜密的政治电视剧，内容涵盖了经济、文化、历史、宗教等多方面信息，其庞杂和繁复在观剧的过程中总是超出我的想象，对于台词中偶尔一个典故的无知会造成对于情节理解的困难，有时这种无知还发生在高速的对话中，自己甚至不知道自己“不知道”。就是在这样一种有些郁闷却不甘就此随随便便看完剧集的心态下，只能回头重看某一段或者某一集的情节，这样便有了今天的这本观剧笔记。

     我对政治的事情稍稍感点儿冒，所以上手的比较快。但是，很难说如果你对政治不感兴趣，那么你是否还会喜欢它。
     Mr.President很是完美，我可以说他没有什么人性的缺点，完美到即便他犯了错误，你都会甘心情愿原谅他；
     VicePresident虽然戏份很少，但足以见得他是跟正头儿有区别的，所以他是个二把手；
     Mr.President手下的人，就是所谓的幕僚们，虽然各自有各自的弱点，但也不至于说成缺点，因为每集的故事情节、镜头跟进都很是紧凑，所以对于个性缺点没有展现得很透彻；
     所以，整体看来就是这些人怎样处理政府与群众、共和党与民主党(Mr.President是民主党的)、民主党议员之间、国与国之间的纷争的。从我个人的角度来看，此剧完全可以很大幅度地提升民主党政府官员的形象。(但现在共和党地Bush当政，就不知是否有作用了)

     此剧有几个特点值得说明：
1.如果你希望从中得到什么"内幕"，那就适可而止吧。毕竟是Drama又不是记录片，所以没什么太多的真实性可言。不过，有些剧情和安排还是可以满足你这方面的要求的。比如，动不动就到地下室与军队的最高长官商量拯救地球的事。(发生的事情有时候跟美国没什么关系，但是得靠他们解决)

2.如果你极度爱国，又极度反美。劝你不要看，至少不要看全，此剧中几乎政治大国都有所涉及，并且情节设计的有点随意；及时是真实事件，但对有些对极度爱国的人来说还是受不了的。

3.不过确确实实的抛开国籍而言，对Mr.President实在是佩服，他的幕僚们个顶个的将，所以可以称之为理想白宫

主旋律这种东西，甭管中国外国，一样让人无法忍受。

偶尔拔高一回也就算了，这样时刻不忘展示美国精神的崇高，把好好的政治题材剧毁成了样板戏，可惜那么多精致漂亮的细节。